Kwayedza
Wendy Madzura
TINOENDERERA mberi nekukupakurirai ruzivo rwuri maererano nekurima nekugadzira munda zvemandorokwati nechinangwa chekuti kurima kuve nepundutso.
Tinotarisa nyaya yekurima munda pachishandiswa matirakita. Tinoona kuti kurima kwerudzi urwu ndiko kune mhando dzakasiyana dzekurima. Muchidimbu, tichabata mhando idzi tichibata zvikamu zviviri — “conventional” ne”conservation tillage” tigoona padzakanakira kana kuti padzinogona kunetsera kuitira kuti varimi vaite sarudzo yavo.
Tichatanga nenzira inonzi “conventional tillage”. Nzira iyi inowanzotevedza zvikamu zvinotevera:
1) Ripper — disc — roller — planter
2) Ploughing — disc — roller — planter
3) Chisel plough — disc — roller — planter
Nzira dzekurima dzinoti ripping, ploughing kana chisel ploughing dzinopinda pane inonzi (primary tillage) zvichireva kurima kwekutanga pamunda. Tochiti (disking & rolling) zvinopinda pane inonzi (secondary tillage), kurima kunonyatsotsetsenura ivhu mumunda musati madyarwa.
Varimi vanokurudzirwa kuita imwe chete yenzira nhatu idzi kamwe chete pamakore maviri kana matatu (2-3yrs) kwete gore rega rega. Tinodaro nekuti nzira iyi inoshandisa 15 — 20 % yemutengo unodiwa pakurima.
Nzira dzekurima idzi dzinokonzera kukukurwa kwevhu nemvura kwakawanda pamwe chete nekukanganisa mamiriro evhu (soil structure).
Nzira dzekurima munda dzatinokurudzira kuti varimi vashandise ndedziya dzisingakanganisi ivhu kana mamiriro ekunze zvakanyana.
Kurima kwaveko mazuva ano ndekwemhando yebhizimusi nokudaro zvakakosha kuti murimi acherechedze kuti nzira dzaari kushandisa hadzisi kutapudza mari yaanosara nayo muhomwe here, iya inonzi profit.
Zvakare, pasi rose riri kufamba nedingindira rekuchengetedza nharaunda, nokudaro murimi anofanira kuona kuti nzira dzekurima dzaanoshandisa hadzisi kukanganisa utano hwevhu kana kurasa mvura zvakanyanya.
Nzira dzekurima dzatinonyanya kukurudzira dzinopinda mubandiko rinonzi Conservation tillage systems. Idzi nzira dzekurima dzinovavarira kuchengetedza mamiriro evhu pamwe chete nemvura. Nzira dzekurima idzi dzakanakira kuti:
Dzine mukana mudiki wekuti ivhu rinokukurwa nemvura kana nemhepo (reduced erosion). Mashanga anenge ari pamusoro pevhu anochengetedza ivhu kubva kumvura yekunaya pamwe chete nekudzivirira ivhu kubva kumhepo ine simba.
Nzira iyi inowedzera kudzika kwemvura muvhu
Inoita kuti ivhu risapisa zvakanyanya nekuda kwemashanga, kunyanya muna Gumiguru naMbudzi.
Inovandudza mamiriro evhu (soil structure) kuburikidza nekusasandura kana kukanganisa ivhu zvakanyanya. Izvi zvinobatsira twumbuyu twunorarama muvhu nekuita kuti zvinhu zviorere kwenguva refu.
Inotapudza nguva inotorwa kuita gadziriro pamunda pamwe chete nekudzikisa mitengo yegadziriro iyi.
Mashanga pamusoro pevhu anodzivirira kumera kwesora diki mumunda, izvo zvinodzikisa huwandu hwesora.
Mienzaniso yenzira dzatinokurudzira inoti (tied ridges, rip on role, wet ripping nezero tillage)
1) TIED RIDGING — Iyi inzira yekuti varimi vanodyara mbesa mumigero inenge yavhurwa muvhu vozogadzira mihomba kana mbesa yakukura. Vamwe vanogadzira mihomba vobva vadyara. Chakakosha ndechekuti vavhare migero inenge iri mumunda kugadzira twumadhamu twunobata mvura kana yanaya. Iyi inzira inoda vanhu vakawanda kuita asi vamwe vanogadzira mihomba inogara yakadaro mumunda.
2) RIP ON ROLE/ MULCH RIPPING — Kuvhura mugero unotevedzana necontour line, mugero uyu ndiwo unozodyarwa mbeu.
Makomba anozovhurwa nebadza kana muchina pakudyara. Iyi nzira yakanakira kuti haidi vanhu vakawanda uye inoitika nekukurumidza. Inzira yakanaka zvakare paivhu rinoita chikoko pamusoro (crust) kana rakaomarara pamusoro. Inzira yakanakira kuchengetedza hunyoro kunzimbo dzinonaya mvura shoma uye inobatsira kuti mvura isakukurwe kunzimbo dzinonaya mvura yakawandisa.
3) WET RIPPING — Iyi inzira yekuti matines eripper anofambiswa pakati pemitsara yembesa painenge ichikura kunyanya pasati papfuura mavhiki mana kuitira kuti mbesa isatyorwe kana kuti midzi isakanganiswa. Inzira inochengetedza hunyoro muvhu.
4 ZERO-TILLAGE — Iyi inzira yekuti mbeu inodyarwa mumunda usina kurimwa. Makomba anovhurwa nebadza kana nemuchina wakagadzirirwa basa irori.
Inzira yakanaka nekuti haidi kuti varimi vashandise zvipfiyo zvavo, inochengetedza hunyoro pamwe chete neutano hwevhu. Nzira iyi inoita kuti ivhu risakukurwe zvakanyanya nemvura kana nemhepo (erosion). Kuti nzira iyi ibudirire, zvakakosha kuti varimi vachengete 30% yemashanga asara mumunda uye inoda kuti sora ridzivirirwe zvakakwana.
Nzira iyi inoda zvakare kuti varimi vachinjanise mbeu dziri mumhuri dzakasiyana-siyana, kudzivirira twumbuyu nezvirwere kumunda pamwe chete nekungwarira kuomarara kwevhu pamusoro (surface compaction).
Varimi yeukai kuti kurima zvine pundutso kunobva pazvinhu zviviri — kusarudza mbeu nehungwaru pamwe chete nekurima zvakanaka mumunda (good agronomic practices/GAP). Kurima munda nemazvo uye nenguva ndopanotangira magood agronomic practices nokudaro varimi onai kuti minda yagadzirwa mwaka wekudyara usati wasvika kuti murime zvine pundutso.
Wendy Madzura mudhumeni weSeed Co uye anobatika panhare dzinoti 0713 270 080 kana 0773 270 080
