SADC yodzinga nzara nembeu dzemuno

. . . dzinotivirira muzuva, mvura shoma

. . . dzichipawo vanhukadzi masimba

naMuchaneta Chimuka

“MVURA yanonoka kuturuka zvekare gore rino, tava kutodyara mbesa dzekutanga mumwedzi uno waZvita. Takambodyara dzimwe mbesa mumwedzi waGumiguru asi  dzakapera kutsva nekuda kwekuti hatina madiridziro.

“Zvisinei, nekuda kwechirongwa chematura embeu diki, idzo dzatinochengeta munharaunda (Community Seedbanks), mazana nemazana evarimi vari mudunhu redu reUmzingwane, kuMatabeleland South, tine tarisiro yekuti tichawana goho riri nani sezvo mbeu dzedu dzetsanga diki idzi dzichitivirira muzuva uye ndedzemuno zvekare dziri dzenhando yepamusoro,” vanodaro VaThulani Moyo, avo vanova mumwe wevarimi vari kubatsirikana nechirongwa ichi.

Dunhu iri rinozivikanwa nekupisa kwakanyanya (drylands) izvo zvinoita kuti varimi vakawanda veko vararame nekuchengeta zvipfuyo zvinosanganisira mombe. Asi gore rino nekuda kwekupisa kwakanyanya, vazhinji vakarasikirwa nezvipfuyo izvo zvakaziya neenzara uye kushaya mvura yekunwa.

MuZimbabwe mombe dzinodarika 7 643 dzakafa nenzara zvichitevera kusanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, nokudaro kurimwa kwembesa dzetsanga diki munyika dziri mudunhu reSouthern African Development Community (SADC) kunobatsira mukurwisa nzara kuvanhu pamwe nezvipfuyo, mhuri dzichipunduka.

Nzvimbo dzakanyanya kurasikirwa nezvipfuyo dzinosanganisira Mangwe neMatobo Districts dziri kudunhu reMatabeleland South uko varimi vakarasikirwa nemombe 4 432.

“MaCommunity Seedbanks akakosha zvikuru nekuti anoita kuti varimi vawane mhando dzembeu dzavanoda dzinova dzisina kuuchikwa uye dziri dzepasichigare idzo dzinoenderana nenzvimbo dzavanorimira vari zvichiita kuti vawane goho guru. Mbesa dzetsanga diki dzinodzinga nzara neurombo uye dzimwe tinokwanisa kutengeserana nedzimwe nyika dziri mudunhu reSADC sekuMalawi, Zambia, Botswana kana Mozambique nedzimwe tichiwana mari yekunze uye idzowo nyika idzi dzinogona kuuyawo dzichitenga mbeu dzemuno vachinorima kunyika kwavo, asi zvese izvi zvichiitwa zvichifambirana nemitemo yenyika yekutengeserana uye kugoverana ruzivo zviine chibvumirano pakati pevarimi,” vanodaro VaMoyo.

Amai Loveness Khumalo (64) vekuMangwe District, Bulawayo, avo vanova chirikadzi ine vana vasere vanoti vari kubatsirikana nechirongwa  ichi uye vava kukwanisa kuriritira mhuri yavo pachinzvimbo chekuti vawanikwe vachipemha.

“Handisi chirikadzi inomirira kukumbira uye handichaburitsa mari ndichitenga mbeu dziya dzakauchikwa (hybrids) nekuti tine matura edu embeu dzechivanhu dzinosanganisira dzemapfunde, mhunga, nyemba, zviyo, manhanga nedzimwe. Tinorima zvekare maringazuva tichisvina mafuta saka hatichanetseki nekufamba nzendo kuenda kumadhorobha kunotenga mbeu.

“Tinoti kana zviya tikarima gore rino, tinobvisa chikamu chembeu dzatinozoendesa kumatura edu embeu (Community Seedbanks) nekuti izvi zvinobatsira kuti tisarasikirwa nemhando dzembeu dzinoenderena nenzvimbo yedu uye dzinomira senhoroondo yenyika. Mbeu idzi ndedzedu dzemuZimbabwe asi kana tichida dzekune dzimwe nyika tinonyora magwaro tichibatsirwa nevehofisi huru yekuNational Genebank todziwaniswa pachena,” vanodaro.

Sabhuku Lizzy Gonye vekuDomboshava, mudunhu reMashonaland East, muZimbabwe, vanoti mbeu diki dzakakosha sezvo dzichitivirira muzuva uye dzakanakirawo kusimudzira utano.

“Chirongwa ichi tinochipembedza zvikuru uye tine tasiriro yekuchiitawo mudunhu medu. Mbeu dzechivanhu dzepasichigare dzakadai senyemba, mapfunde kana rukweza dzinodzinga zvirwere secheshuga, bp, mwoyo nezvimwe nokuti chikafu chinobvamo hachina uturu kana mafuta anokanganisa utano. Mbeu idzi dzinorimwa nemupfudze wemombe kana mashanga pasina kushandisa mishonga nemamwe mafetireza ayo anozokanganisa utano hwevanhu kana zvipfuyo zvinopona nekudya uku,” vanodaro.

KuMudzi District, chinova chinhambwe chemakiromita 230 kubva muHarare, kune varimi vanodarika mazana maviri vari kuita chirongwa ichi panguva iyo Zimbabwe yakaziviswa nenyanzvi kuti yakatarisana nenzara yekushomeka kwemvura zvichikonzerwa neEl Nino mumwaka wekurima wa2023/24.

“Isu tinorima tiri paChimukoko Community Seed Bank, kuMudzi, uye kune mimwe mizinda yakawanda yemhando iyi iri kubatsira mazana nemazana evarimi kuti vawane chikafu chine utano uye chinovakwanira. Mbeu idzi dzinobatsira zvekare sekudya kwezvipfuyo zvedu apo mombe nembudzi dzinowana mashanga uye huku dzedu dzinokura zvikuru apo dzinodya mhunga nemapfunde, kureva kuti hatichadhurirwa nekutenga chikafu chezvipfuyo nekuti tinozvirimira.

“Tine mhando dzembeu dzetsanga diki dzinodarika 200 dzinosanganisira derere, chibage, mahanga, mupunga wechivanhu, mapfunde, nzungu, mbambaira, nyemba, bhinzi nedzimwe dzemiriwo dzisingatowanikwi kune mamwe matunhu,” vanodaro Mai Portia Munemo vanova nhengo yevarimi ava.

Muzinda wevarimi weko wakavakwa nesangano rakazvimirira reCommunity Technology Development Trust (CTDT)  rakabatana neOxfam pakashandiswa mari inosvika US$25 000.

VaAdrew Mushita, avo vanova director wesangano iri, vanoti vakaona zvakakosha kuti vatsigire varimi vemunharaunda iyi mushure mekuona kuti mhando dzembeu zhinji dzakanga dzava kupera zvishoma nezvishoma zvichikonzerwa nekusachengetedzwa kwadzo, kudyiwa dzichipera uye kusanduka kwemhando dzechikafu chava kudyiwa nevanhu (change in food eating patterns) apo vamwe vave kufarira chikafu chechirungu vachisiya chemuno, kusaiwaniswa ruzivo kwevarimi maringe nekukosha kwekuchengetedza mbeu, kuwanda kwemakambani ari kukwikwidzana mukuuchika mbeu pakati pezvimwe.

Zimbabwe, pakati pedzimwe nyika dzepasi rose, iri kutevedza zvisungo nezvinangwa zveSustainable Development Goal nhamba 17 zviri maringe nekurwisa nzara nehurombo panozosvika gore ra2030.

Kuvambwa kwemizinda inochengeta mbeu dzemuno yemaGenebanks ayo anozotekeshera achienda kunharaunda uko varimi vanoomesa mbeu vachichengeta mumatura avo pasina kushandisa mishonga kwakakosha zvikuru mukuchengetedzwa kwechikafu munyika dziri muSADC, zvikuru panguva iyo nyika dzemuSouthern Africa dziri mushishi kurwisa nyaya dzekusanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uko kunouya nenzira dzakadai sekupisa kwakanyanya, dutu remvura kana chando chakanyanyisa pakati pezvimwe zvinokaganisa mabasa ekurima pamwe chete negoho.

Dr Justify Shava, avo vanova Head of SADC Plant Genetic Resource Centre (SPGRC) kunyika yeZambia, vanoti muzinda wavo une mbeu dzemuSouthern Region dzemhando dzakasiyana dzinosvika 63 000 dzinova dzinotivirira muzuva, kuzvirwere netumbuyu.

“Takaunganidza mhando dzembeu dzinosvika 63 000 mumaGenebanks edu saka nyika dzose dzemuSADC dzinokwanisa kuuya vachitora mbeu dzavanoda vachinorima mumatunhu avo, asi vachitevedza mitemo. Mumakore apfuura taive nembeu 18 000 dzakasiyana asi dziri kuramba dzichiwanda nekuti varimi vanotora vachinorima tichizotevera tichitora mbeu pamwe nekurima dzimwe uye tiri kutarisira kuvandudza huwandu nemhando dzembeu,” vanodaro.

Vanoti dzimwe mbeu dzinoparara nekuda kwemafashamu apo dzinoyeredzwa nemvura kana kutsva nezuva nekuda kwekusanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, nokudaro zvakakosha kuti kuve nematura embeu kuti nyika nenyika dzisarasikirwe.

Muzinda weSPGRC wakavambwa muna1989 kuti uchengetedze mbeu dzose dzemudunhu reSADC, chinangwa chikuru chiri chekudzinga nzara.

KuChilongwe District, Zambia kune munda une mahekita 86 unorimwa mbeu dzakasiyana idzo dzinotorwa kunyika dziri muSADC zvinova zvinobatsira zvekare zvizvarwa zvichatevera.

Nyanzvi dzinoona nezvekurima dzinoti kune dzimwe mbeu dzine mikana yekutsakatika zvachose nekuda kwekushaya kuchengetedzwa zvakanaka asi zvadzo dziine basa rakawanda mukurima dzakadai sembambara, green gram, sesame neround potato (Zulu potato) nedzimwe mbeu dzechibage, mapfunde nemhunga dzemuno.

Pasi rose chikamu che80 kusvika 90 percennt chembeu dzechivanhu dziri kutsakatika zvinova zviri mumagwaro.

VaOnismus Chipfunde, vanova Head of Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Institute (National Genebank) kuchikamu cheResearch and Specialists Services, rinova bandiko rinoshanda riri pasi pebazi rezveminda, kurima, hove, mvura nekusimudzirwa kwekumaruwa muZimbabwe, vanoti maGenebank anobatsira mukuvandudzwa kwegoho sezvo mbeu dzacho dzichitivirira kuzvirwere nekubatsirawo kupedza nzara.

“Tinoda kuti hunyanzvi hwekuchengetwa kwembeu hurambe huchikura tichitenga midziyo yemhando yepamusoro kuti tifambirane nezviri kuitwa nedzimwe nyika dzakasimukira. Pamuzinda uno, ndipo panonzi paNational Genebank apo mbeu dzedu dzakasiyana tinodziisa mumapepa emhando yepamusoro, todzichengetera mumafiriji ane chando chakapetwa zvekusvika kuma -20 degrees. Dzimwe nyika dzine maGenebanks emhando iyi dzinosanganisira South Africa, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia neBotswana,” vanodaro.

Munyori uno akashanyira dunhu reMatabeleland ndokunosvika kumuzinda weInternational Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) uri kuMatopos Research Station, kuBulawayo, uko akadzidza zvakawanda maringe nekuchengetedzwa uye kurimwa kwembeu dzetsanga diki dzemuno nedzimwe dzinobva kune dzimwe nyika dziri muSADC.

Tanyaradzwa Tenesi, uyo anova Research Technician – Genebank Accelerated Crop Improvement pamuzinda uyu, anoti chinangwa chavo ndechekuti varimi vave nesarudzo yembeu dzavanoda kurima zvichifambirana nezvinangwa zvemaSustainable Develoment Goals anoti SDG 2 kurwisa nzara, SDG 1 kuderedza kuparadzwa kwemharaunda, SGG 13 kusanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye SDG 13 kuenzaniswa kwemikana pakati pevanhurume nevanhukadzi.

“Nzvimbo ino tinogona kuitora segwenya chairo (dryland) saka takaona kuti vanhu vanogaramo havangafi nenzara asi minda vainayo tikaona zvakakosha kuti tivagadzirire mizinda inovabatsira nembeu dzetsanga diki dzemuno idzo dzinofambirana nevhu ravo uye mamiriro ekunze. Kurima mbeu dzetsanga diki kunoita kuti vawane mari uye vane mikana yekuzochinjanisa mbeu dzavo nechibage kana zvimwe zvirimwa zvavanoda nevamwe vari kune mamwe matunhu (grain swap). Tinotenda kuti munguva pfupi yapfuura Hurumende, kuburikidza nebazi rezvekurima, yakatoparura chirongwa cheGrain Swap rinova danho guru ratinopembedza.

“Mbeu dzetsanga diki dzine kudya kune utano uye mamwe makambani anobika doro kana mahewu vanodzitenga varimi vachiwana mari dzekuendesa vana kuchikoro nekuita zvimwe zvinodiwa pamusha,” anodaro.

VaSavious Kapuya, vanova Field Research Associate kuICRISAT, vanoti madzimai nevanasikana vekumaruwa vari kubatsirikana nechirongwa ichi sezvo vachiwaniswa zvekare madhumeni anovafundisa nzira kwadzo dzekurima zvichibatsirawo mukurwisa nzara uye mhirizhonga mudzimba.

Vanoti muzinda weICRISAT Genebank une mhando dzembeu dzinodarika 10 000 dzinoenderana nevanhu vanogara kunzvimbo dzinopisa uye dzisinganaye mvura yakawanda (dryland).

Dr Bruce Mutari, vanova Crop Breeder kuICRISAT, vanoti pari zvino vane maGenebank matatu uye vari kuita ongororo yembeu dzakasiyana kusanganisira mhando yebhinzi inodaidzwa kuti (Navy Bean Genotype) inova yavakadzidza kuti inotivirira muzuva iine kudya kunovaka muviri.

VaBellington Mudyawabikwa vanova  Scientific Officer kuICRISAT, vanotiwo zvakakosha kuti varimi vatange vaendesa ivhu ravo kunoongororwa kutapira kana kuvavira kwaro vasai vatanga kurima kuti vazive zvinodiwa.

“Kuvava kana kutapira kwevhu (soil ph) kwakakosha zvikuru munyaya dzekurima. Tinoona vamwe varimi vachitenga mafetireza gore negore asi dzimwe nguva ivhu rinenge rakatoguta riine kudya kwakakwana zvinoita kuti vadhurirwe mahara pakurima. Pakukohwa zvirimwa zvedu zvakakosha zvekare kuti tidzivirire kurasikirwa, tinoona vamwe vanopura zviyo zvichirasikira muvhu nokudaro kushandiswa kwemichina yechizvino-zvino mukukohwa kana kudyara kwakakosha mukuchengetedza mbeu dzedu dzemangwana uye zvinorerutsa nyaya dzekushandisa simba rakawanda mukurima,” vanodaro.

Kunyika yeBotswana kune maGenebanks akawanda ari kufambiswa nevarimi vari munharaunda (Community Based Genebanks) uye vanongoshanda nenzira imwe chete seiri kuitwa kuZambia vachitsigirwa nemasangano akazvimiririra kunyanya.

Mamwe maGenebanks ekuBotswana anotsigira varimi nehomwe yekurima uye ruzivo.

Kunyika yeMalawi kune maCommunity Genebanks ari kuCentral, Sourthern neNorthern Region ayo ari kubatsira varimi mukuchengetedza mbeu dzetsanga diki dzinova dziri kubatsira mukurwisa nzara nehurombo.

Mamwe maCommmunity Seedbanks ari kuMalawi anosanganisira Chingali Seedbank iri kuSouthern Region, Bvumbwe Seedbank (Central Region), Kasungu Seed Bank (Northern Region) ayo ari kutsigirwa nevarimi vadiki kunyanya uye kuNational Genebank of Malawi neSouthern Region Genebank iri muguta guru reLilongwe.

Ongororo yakaitwa nesangano reUnited Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation inoratidza kuti huwandu hwemhando dzembeu dzairimwa mumakore apfuura hwaderera nechikamu che75 percent uye pane mika mikuru yekuti dzimwe mhando dzembeu dzichatsakatika panozosvika gore ra1950.

Zvakadaro, zvichitevera kusanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye yambiro yenzara inounzwa neEl Nino muZimbabwe nedzimwe nyika dziri muSADC idzo tinodyidzana munyaya dzekurima nekutengeserana, Hurumende yeZimbabwe iri mushishi kuvaka madhamu nekuvandudza mamwe ainge aparara uye kuchera zvibhorani kuti varimi vawane mvura yemadiridziro neyekupa zvipfuyo, uye chikamu chekurima chakatozadzikisa zvinangwa zvacho zvekuwana US$8,2 bhiriyoni mukati memwedzi gumi nemisere kubvira kuparura kwavakaita chirongwa cheAgriculture and Foods Systems Strategy muna2020.